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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES@#The purpose of this study was to establish a database (DB) of foods containing vitamin D that were investigated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), to estimate the dietary vitamin D intake, to evaluate the dietary adequacy of this intake, and to identify the major food sources of Koreans that contain vitamin D. @*SUBJECTS/METHODS@#This study used data from the KNHANES 2016–2019. Individuals aged ≥ 1 year who participated in the nutrition survey (n = 28,418) were included. The dietary intake was assessed by the 24-h dietary recall method and individual dietary vitamin D intake was estimated using a newly established vitamin D DB. Dietary adequacy was evaluated by comparing the dietary intake of the participants with adequate intake (AI) as defined by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) 2020. @*RESULTS@#The average dietary vitamin D intake for all the subjects was 3.13 μg/d, which was 33.1% of AI. Dietary vitamin D intake was lower in rural residents, the elderly, and those with low income. The major food groups that contributed to the total dietary vitamin D intake were fish and shellfish (61.59%), eggs (17.75%), meat (8.03%), milk (4.25%), legumes (3.93%), and grains (3.84%). The top 10 individual food items that contributed to the total vitamin D intake were eggs (17.44%), squid (8.5%), eels (7.44%), salmon (5.35%), mackerel (5.27%), anchovies (4.65%), yellow croakers (4.58%), pork meat (4.47%), soymilk (4.46%), and skipjack tuna (3.80%). @*CONCLUSION@#These results show that the mean dietary vitamin D intake of Koreans is lower than the reference AI level. Nutritional policies need to be put in place to increase the vitamin D intake of Koreans in the future. In addition, comprehensive research on all the sources of vitamin D, including intake of supplements and biosynthesis in the skin, is required.
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES@#Zinc is an essential trace mineral which is important for the growth and development of the human body and immunological and neurological functions.Inadequate zinc intake may cause zinc deficiency with its adverse consequences. In this study, we aimed to estimate the dietary zinc intake levels and sources among Koreans. @*SUBJECTS/METHODS@#For this secondary analysis, we obtained data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016–2019. Individuals aged ≥ 1 yr who had completed a 24-h recall were included. The dietary zinc intake of each individual was calculated by applying data from a newly developed zinc content database to the KNHANES raw data. We also compared the extracted data with the sex-, age-specific reference values suggested in the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes 2020. The prevalence of adequate zinc intake was then evaluated by the proportion of the individuals who met the estimated average requirement (EAR). @*RESULTS@#The mean zinc intake of Koreans aged ≥ 1 yr and adults aged ≥ 19 yrs were 10.2 and 10.4 mg/day, equivalent to 147.4% and 140.8% of the EAR, respectively. Approximately 2 in 3 Koreans met the EAR for zinc, but the zinc intake differed slightly among the different age and sex groups. In children aged 1–2 yrs, 2 out of 5 exceeded the upper level of intake, and nearly half of the younger adults (19–29 yrs) and the elders (≥ 75 yrs) did not meet the EAR. The major contributing food groups were grains (38.9%), meats (20.4%), and vegetables (11.1%). The top 5 food contributors to zinc intake were rice, beef, pork, egg, and baechu kimchi, which accounted for half of the dietary intake. @*CONCLUSION@#The mean zinc intake among Koreans was above the recommended level, but 1 in 3 Koreans had inadequate zinc intake and some children were at risk of excessive zinc intake. Our study included zinc intake from diet only, thus to better understand zinc status, further research to include intake from dietary supplements is needed.
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Purpose@#This study was conducted to update the Nutrition Quotient for Adolescents (NQ-A), which is used to assess the overall dietary quality and food behavior among Korean adolescents. @*Methods@#The first 30 candidate items of the measurable eating behavior checklist were obtained based on a previous NQ-A checklist, the results of the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data, Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey data, national nutrition policies and dietary guidelines, and literature reviews. A total of 100 middle and high school students residing in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province participated in a pilot study using the 25-item checklist. Factor analysis and frequency analysis were conducted to determine if the checklist items were organized properly and whether the responses to each item were distributed adequately, respectively. As a result, 22 checklist items were selected for the nationwide survey, which was applied to 1,000 adolescent subjects with stratified sampling from 6 metropolitan cities. The construct validity of the updated NQ-A 2021 was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis. @*Results@#Twenty checklist items were determined for the final NQ-A 2021. The items were composed of three factors: balance (8 items), moderation (9 items), and practice (3 items). The standardized path coefficients were used as the weights of items to determine the nutrition quotients. NQ-A 2021 and 3-factor scores were calculated according to the weights of questionnaire items. The weight for each of the 3 factors was determined as follows: balance, 0.15; moderation, 0.30; and practice, 0.55. @*Conclusion@#The updated NQ-A 2021 is a useful instrument for easily and quickly evaluating the dietary qualities and eating behaviors of Korean adolescents
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BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES@#Magnesium is an essential nutrient for human health.However, inadequate intake is commonly reported worldwide. Along with reduced consumption of vegetables and fruits and increased consumption of refined or processed foods, inadequate magnesium intake is increasingly reported as a serious problem.This study aimed to assess magnesium intake, its dietary sources, and the adequacy of magnesium intake in Korean populations. @*SUBJECTS/METHODS@#Data was obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019 and included individuals aged ≥1 yr who had participated in a nutrition survey (n=28,418). Dietary intake was assessed by 24-h recall, and dietary magnesium intake was estimated using a newly established magnesium database. Diet adequacy was evaluated by comparing dietary intake with the estimated average requirement (EAR) suggested in the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes 2020. @*RESULTS@#The mean dietary magnesium intake of Koreans aged ≥1 yr was 300.4 mg/d, which was equivalent to 119.8% of the EAR. The prevalence of individuals whose magnesium intake met the EAR was 56.8%. Inadequate intake was observed more in females, adolescents and young adults aged 12–29 yrs, elders aged ≥65 yrs, and individuals with low income. About four-fifths of the daily magnesium came from plant-based foods, and the major food groups contributing to magnesium intake were grains (28.3%), vegetables (17.6%), and meats (8.4%). The top 5 individual foods that contributed to magnesium intake were rice, Baechu (Korean cabbage) kimchi, tofu, pork, and milk. However, the contribution of plant foods and individual contributing food items differed slightly by sex and age groups. @*CONCLUSIONS@#This study found that the mean dietary magnesium intake among Koreans was above the recommended intake, whereas nearly one in 2 Koreans had inadequate magnesium intake. To better understand the status of magnesium intake, further research is required, which includes the intake of dietary supplements.
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Riboflavin and its derivatives, flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), are key components of mitochondrial energy metabolism and oxidation-reduction reactions. Proposed dietary reference intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), that is, estimated average requirements (EARs), for riboflavin, based on current knowledge of riboflavin and riboflavin derivative levels, and glutathione reductase activity, are 1.3 mg/d for men aged 19–64 years and 1.0 mg/d for women aged 19–64 years. By applying a coefficient of variance of 10%, reference nutrient intakes (RNIs) were set at 1.5 mg/d for men aged 19-64 years and 1.2 mg/d for women aged 19-64 years. Likewise, EARs and RNIs of riboflavin intake were proposed for all age groups and women in specific life stages such as pregnancy. Mean adult riboflavin intake for adults aged ≥ 19 years was 1.69 mg/d in Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2020, which was 124.9% of EAR according to the 2020 KDRIs. In the 2015-2017 KNHANES study, the mean riboflavin intake from foods and supplements was 2.79 mg/d for all age groups, and 32.7% of individuals consumed less riboflavin than EAR according to the 2020 KDRIs. For those that used supplements, mean intakes were 1.50 mg/d for riboflavin from foods, 10.26 mg/d from supplements, and 11.76 mg/d from food and supplements, and 5.5% of individuals consumed less riboflavin than EAR. Although the upper limit of riboflavin has not been established, the merits of increasing supplement use warrant further consideration. Also, additional epidemiologic and intervention studies are required to explore the role of riboflavin in the etiology of chronic diseases.
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Purpose@#This study was undertaken to update the Nutrition Quotient for Elderly (NQ-E), which reflects dietary quality and behavior among Korean older adults. @*Methods@#The first 29 items of the measurable food behavior checklist were obtained from a previous NQ-E checklist, recent literature reviews, and national nutrition policies and recommendations. One-hundred subjects (50 men and 50 women) aged ≥ 65 years living in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, including Gyeonggi Province, completed a pilot survey from March to April 2021. Based on the results of the pilot study, we conducted factor analysis and frequency analysis to determine whether the items of the survey were properly organized and whether the distribution of answers for each evaluation item was properly distributed. As a result, we reduced the number of items on the food behavior checklist and used 23 items for the national survey. Nationwide, 1,000 subjects (472 men and 528 women) aged > 65 years, completed the checklist survey, which was applied using a face-to-face survey method from May to August 2021. The construct validity of the NQ-E 2021 was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, LISREL. @*Results@#Seventeen food behavior checklist items were selected for the final NQ-E 2021.Checklist items addressed three factors: balance (8 items), moderation (2 items), and practice (7 items). Standardized path coefficients were used as the weights of items to determine nutrition quotients. NQ-E and three-factor scores were calculated according to the weights of questionnaire items. @*Conclusion@#The updated NQ-E 2021 produced by structural equation modelling provides a suitable tool for assessing the dietary quality and behavior of Korean older adults.
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The recommended meal composition allows the general people to organize meals using the number of intakes of foods from each of six food groups (grains, meat·fish·eggs·beans, vegetables, fruits, milk·dairy products and oils·sugars) to meet Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) without calculating complex nutritional values. Through an integrated analysis of data from the 6th to 7th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (2013–2018), representative foods for each food group were selected, and the amounts of representative foods per person were derived based on energy. Based on the EER by age and gender from the KDRIs, a total of 12 kinds of diets were suggested by differentiating meal compositions by age (aged 1–2, 3–5, 6–11, 12–18, 19–64, 65–74 and ≥ 75 years) and gender.The 2020 Food Balance Wheel included the 6th food group of oils and sugars to raise public awareness and avoid confusion in the practical utilization of the model by industries or individuals in reducing the consistent increasing intakes of oils and sugars. To promote the everyday use of the Food Balance Wheel and recommended meal compositions among the general public, the poster of the Food Balance Wheel was created in five languages (Korean, English, Japanese, Vietnamese and Chinese) along with card news. A survey was conducted to provide a basis for categorizing nutritional problems by life cycles and developing customized web-based messages to the public. Based on survey results two types of card news were produced for the general public and youth. Additionally, the educational program was developed through a series of processes, such as prioritization of educational topics, setting educational goals for each stage, creation of a detailed educational system chart and teachinglearning plans for the development of educational materials and media.
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Purpose@#This study was undertaken to revise and update the Nutrition Quotient (NQ) for Korean adults, a tool used to evaluate dietary quality and behavior. @*Methods@#The first 31 items of the measurable food behavior checklist were adopted based on considerations of the previous NQ checklist, recent literature reviews, national nutrition policies, and recommendations. A pilot survey was conducted on 100 adults aged 19 to 64 residing in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province from March to April 2021 using a provisional 26-item checklist. Pilot survey data were analyzed using factor analysis and frequency analysis to determine whether checklist items were well organized and responses to questions were well distributed, respectively. As a result, the number of items on the food behavior checklist was reduced to 23 for the nationwide survey, which was administered to 1,000 adults (470 men and 530 women) aged 19 to 64 from May to August 2021. The construct validity of the developed NQ (NQ-2021) was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, linear structural relations. @*Results@#Eighteen items in 3 categories, that is, balance (8 items), moderation (6 items), and practice (4 items), were finally included in NQ-2021 food behavior checklist. ‘Balance’ items addressed the intake frequencies of essential foods, ‘moderation’ items the frequencies of unhealthy food intakes or behaviors, and ‘practice’ items addressed eating behaviors. Items and categories were weighted using standardized path coefficients to calculate NQ-2021 scores. @*Conclusion@#The updated NQ-2021 appears to be suitable for easily and quickly assessing the diet qualities and behaviors of Korean adults.
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Purpose@#Key Foods refers to foods that have a high contribution in the nutrient intake of individuals, and exert important effects on their health. This study was undertaken to identify Korean Key Foods, using data from the 7th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES). @*Methods@#The data source for the extraction of Key Foods was the 24-hour dietary survey data obtained from the 7th KNHNES (2016–2018), and 21,271 subjects were evaluated. A total of 17 nutrients were selected as the key nutrients for identifying the Key Foods, including energy, carbohydrates, protein, lipid, dietary fiber, calcium, phosphorus, iron, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, cholesterol, and sugars. The nutrient consumption approach was applied to generate a list of potential Key Foods. Foods included in 85% of the cumulative intake contribution from one or more key nutrients, were subsequently selected as Key Foods. @*Results@#Of the 1,728 foods consumed by survey respondents, we extracted 728 Key Foods. These Key Foods explained 94% key nutrient intakes of the subjects. Based on the contribution rate to key nutrient intake, the top 10 Key Foods identified were multigrain rice (5.32%), plain white rice (4.23%), milk (3.3%), cabbage kimchi (2.82%), grilled pork belly (1.56%), apples (1.52%), fried eggs (1.49%), cereal (1.36%), instant coffee mix (1.21%), and sweet potatoes (1.12%). These 10 foods accounted for 23.93% total key nutrient intake of the survey respondents. @*Conclusion@#Seven hundred and twenty-eight foods were extracted and identified as the 2020 Korean Key Foods. These Key Foods can be considered the priority foods to be analyzed for establishing a national nutrient database.
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Purpose@#This study examined the effects of nutritional education related to sugar in elementary school children on nutritional knowledge, attitude, and dietary behavior. @*Methods@#A questionnaire survey on the knowledge, attitudes, and intake related to sugar was conducted on 572 students in grades 4–5, who were attending five elementary schools in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. @*Results@#Among the survey subjects, 270 (49.8%) were cognitive in education, and 302 (50.2%) were non-cognitive. The sugar-related knowledge score was 3.67 points in the cognitive education group, which was significantly higher than the 3.55 points in the non-cognitive group. The rate of checking the sugar content in the nutrition label was 31.2% in the cognitive education group, which was significantly higher than in the non-cognitive group, 15.4%. The cognitive education group had a higher intake frequency of unsweetened candy, jelly, and raw fruits, and higher sugar intake of unsweetened bread, white milk, and raw fruits than the non-cognitive group. In the case of the cognitive education group, the total knowledge score showed a positive correlation with the food behavior scores, and a negative correlation with the frequency of purchasing snacks after school, and the average sugar intake per day. In the cognitive education group only, the education of nutrition teachers was analyzed as a factor to reduce the total sugar intake. The cognitive group of sugar education tried to eat foods with a lower sugar content than the non-cognitive group, and nutrition education was an important factor affecting the sugar intake. @*Conclusion@#To reduce the sugar intake of elementary school students, it will be necessary to practice oriented-nutrition education by nutrition teachers continuously. In addition, it is important to develop and disseminate various types of nutrition education materials related to sugar that can be utilized easily by nutrition teachers.
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Mucocele of the paranasal sinuses is a benign, expansible, and cystic mass filled with mucous collection. Infraorbital cells are extramural ethmoid cells that develop into the roof of the maxillary sinus and the base of the orbital cavity. Although infraorbital cells are asymptomatic in most cases, inflammation or mucocele in those cells may cause various symptoms including facial pain, hypoesthesia, and secondary rhinosinusitis. They sometimes invade the orbital cavity, which may cause ophthalmic symptoms such as visual disturbance, orbital swelling, and orbital pain. Most of the cases with ophthalmic symptoms are related to sphenoethmoidal cell mucocele. Delayed treatment of more than two days is known to have a poor prognosis for visual disturbances caused by acute optic nerve compression. We describe a case of 61-year-old man who complained of visual disturbance related to infraorbital cell mucocele and fully recovered right after surgical management.
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Background and Objectives@#The canalith reposition procedure (CRP) is used for the treatment of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) where the accuracy of position may affect the therapeutic efficacy. We investigate the accuracy of head position in CRP and its influencing factors during the procedure by measuring the position using inertial sensors and three dimensional remodeling.Subjects and Method We included 28 patients who were diagnosed as BPPV. To evaluate the accuracy of the CRP, we used the inertial sensor on the patient’s goggle used for videonystagmography. We evaluated the accuracy of the treatment compared to the textual treatment used during CRP. We also evaluated patient factors that affected the accuracy of head position as well as analyzing the correlation between the error rate and the successful treatment rate. @*Results@#While the average error rate was 12.6±5.8% for the PSCC group, it was 10.2±5.2% for the lateral semicircular canal (LSCC) group. For the posterior semicircular canal (PSCC) the group with body mass index (BMI), less than 25 patients had the lower error rate than the group with BMI greater than 25. There was no significant differences regarding the error rate according to BMI or age in the PSCC group. There is no significant differences regarding the error rate between those treated within 1 week and those over 1 week. For the LSCC delayed treatment group, there was no significant differences of error rate between the 1st and 2nd maneuver at each position. @*Conclusion@#For the Epley maneuver, the error rate of patients with high BMI is higher than those with low BMI. When the repeated barbeque maneuver was conducted, patients could have a more accurate position due to the learning effect. Care should be taken to ensure accurate CRP by considering various factors.
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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES@#We investigated the seasonal variation of nonspecific hyperreactivity by performing the cold dry air (CDA) provocation test in both summer and winter in patients with rhinitis.SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We performed the CDA provocation test in 57 patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) or non-allergic rhinitis (NAR). Depending on the season and the type of rhinitis, we divided patients into four groups (Summer AR group, n=17; Winter AR group, n=15; Summer NAR group, n=18 and Winter NAR group, n=7) and compared the changes in nasal symptoms, total nasal volume (TNV), and minimal cross-sectional area (MCA) measured by acoustic rhinometry after CDA provocation in each group.@*RESULTS@#When the CDA provocation was performed for AR patients in summer, nasal symptoms improved slightly, which was significantly different from those shown in winter (Summer AR vs. Winter AR, p=0.012). In addition, there was a significant difference in symptom change between AR and NAR patients in the summer (Summer AR vs. Summer NAR, p=0.033). There was no significant difference in TNV or MCA changes after CDA provocation depending on the type of rhinitis and season (p>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#When performing CDA provocation in AR patients in summer, the examiner should pay attention to the possible paradoxical response.
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PURPOSE: This study investigated the effect of bioactive Yeonsan Ogye peptides (YOPs) intake on changes in the hepatic anti-oxidant indexes in male rats. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 3 groups and given a casein-based AIN-93G diet and distilled water ad libitum without any added YOPs (control), distilled water with 250 mg of YOPs (Y250), or 500 mg of YOPs (Y500) per kg of body weight for 4 weeks. YOP dose was decided as referred to in the referenced study where toxicity did not occur. The hepatic anti-oxidant indexes were determined using a commercial kit. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0 and are expressed as mean ± standard error of mean. Differences among the groups were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc Duncan's multiple comparisons test. RESULTS: There were no differences in the body weights, weight gain, food intake, food efficiency ratio, or organ weight, including liver, kidney, spleen, thymus, and epididymal fat, among all of the groups. The hepatic nitric oxide (NO) level in the Y500 group was lower than that in the control and Y250 groups, and the hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) level was lower in the Y500 group than in the Y250 group. The differences in hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were not statistically significant between the groups. From these results we speculated that YOPs may have anti-oxidative abilities to regulate NO and MDA production without affecting SOD and CAT activities. CONCLUSION: YOPs are presumed to act as anti-oxidants in the animal or human body.
Subject(s)
Animals , Cats , Humans , Male , Rats , Body Weight , Catalase , Diet , Eating , Human Body , Kidney , Liver , Malondialdehyde , Nitric Oxide , Organ Size , Peptides , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Spleen , Superoxide Dismutase , Thymus Gland , Water , Weight GainABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Excessive sugar consumption may increase the risk for development of several diseases. Although average dietary sugar intake of Koreans is within the recommended level, an increasing trend has been found in all age groups. This study aimed to evaluate the population attributable fractions (PAF) to dietary sugar for disease and death in Korea, and to estimate the socioeconomic effects of a reduction in dietary sugar. MATERIALS/METHODS: The prevalence of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) overconsumption (≥ 20 g of sugar from beverages) was analyzed using the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015. Disease-specific relative risks of excessive SSB consumption were obtained through reviewing previous studies. Using the prevalence of SSB overconsumption and each relative risk, PAFs for morbidity and mortality were calculated. Socioeconomic costs of diseases and death attributable to SSB overconsumption were estimated by using representative data on national medical expenditures, health insurance statistics, employment information, and previous reports. RESULTS: Disease-specific PAF to SSB consumption ranged from 3.11% for stroke to 9.05% for obesity and dental caries, respectively. Costs from disease caused by SSB overconsumption was estimated at 594 billion won in 2015. About 39 billion won was estimated to be from SSB consumption-related deaths, and a total of 633 billion won was predicted to have been saved through preventing SSB overconsumption. CONCLUSIONS: Sugars overconsumption causes considerable public burdens, although the cost estimates do not include any informal expenditure. Information on these socioeconomic effects helps both health professionals and policy makers to create and to implement programs for reducing sugar consumption.
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Humans , Administrative Personnel , Beverages , Carbohydrates , Dental Caries , Dietary Sucrose , Employment , Health Expenditures , Health Occupations , Insurance , Korea , Mortality , Nutrition Surveys , Obesity , Prevalence , Public Health , StrokeABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: We investigated the seasonal variation of nonspecific hyperreactivity by performing the cold dry air (CDA) provocation test in both summer and winter in patients with rhinitis. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: We performed the CDA provocation test in 57 patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) or non-allergic rhinitis (NAR). Depending on the season and the type of rhinitis, we divided patients into four groups (Summer AR group, n=17; Winter AR group, n=15; Summer NAR group, n=18 and Winter NAR group, n=7) and compared the changes in nasal symptoms, total nasal volume (TNV), and minimal cross-sectional area (MCA) measured by acoustic rhinometry after CDA provocation in each group. RESULTS: When the CDA provocation was performed for AR patients in summer, nasal symptoms improved slightly, which was significantly different from those shown in winter (Summer AR vs. Winter AR, p=0.012). In addition, there was a significant difference in symptom change between AR and NAR patients in the summer (Summer AR vs. Summer NAR, p=0.033). There was no significant difference in TNV or MCA changes after CDA provocation depending on the type of rhinitis and season (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: When performing CDA provocation in AR patients in summer, the examiner should pay attention to the possible paradoxical response.
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Humans , Methods , Nasal Provocation Tests , Rhinitis , Rhinitis, Allergic , Rhinometry, Acoustic , SeasonsABSTRACT
PURPOSE: This study was performed to evaluate the utilization of a current national Food Composition Database (FCDB) and to investigate demand for nutrients that should be added or supplemented in order to expand the national FCDB. METHODS: Surveys were constructed based on the utilization of FCDB, use of a food and nutrition analysis program, utilization and importance of nutritional ingredients, and nutritional ingredients desired to be supplemented in the national FCDB. Self-administered surveys were obtained from 349 food and nutrition specialists, including dietitians, nutrition teachers, food industry workers, professors, and researcher. RESULTS: Exactly 73.6% of respondents used the FCDB, and 90.5% experienced using various food and nutrition analysis programs. Professors and researchers frequently utilized protein, carbohydrate, and lipid nutrients in the FCDB. Among vitamins, vitamin C, vitamin A, and vitamin D were frequently used. Among minerals, sodium and calcium were highly used. Among the subjects, 17.4% of subjects have used phytochemical DB. Carotenoids, anthocyanins, and isoflavones among phytochemicals were frequently used, in that order. Respondents desired an additional data on sugars, vitamin D, folic acid, selenium, iodine, dietary fiber, vitamin B12, and carotenoids in the FCDB. CONCLUSION: The survey results indicate that the current FCDB is actively used for various purposes, although it is necessary to construct a national nutrition database with additional nutrients.
Subject(s)
Anthocyanins , Ascorbic Acid , Calcium , Carbohydrates , Carotenoids , Dietary Fiber , Folic Acid , Food Industry , Iodine , Isoflavones , Minerals , Miners , Nutritionists , Phytochemicals , Selenium , Sodium , Specialization , Surveys and Questionnaires , Vitamin A , Vitamin B 12 , Vitamin D , VitaminsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Food composition databases are necessary for assessing dietary intakes. Developing and maintaining a high quality database is difficult because of the high cost of analyzing nutrient profiles and the recent fast-changing food marketplace. Thus, priorities have to be set for developing and updating the database. We aimed to identify key foods in the Korean diet to set priorities for future analysis of foods. SUBJECTS/METHODS: modified the US Department of Agriculture's key food approach. First, major foods were analyzed, contributing to 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% of each nutrient intake. Second, the cumulative contributions to nutrient intakes were compared before and after excluding the foods least commonly consumed by individuals. Third, total nutrient score for each food was calculated by summing all percent contributions times 100 for nutrients. To set priorities among the foods in the list, we sorted the score in descending order and then compared total percent contributions of foods, within the 100, 90, 85, 80, and 75 percentiles of the list. Finally, we selected the minimum list of foods contributing to at least 90% of the key nutrient intake as key items for analysis. RESULTS: Among the 1,575 foods consumed by individuals, 456 were selected as key foods. Those foods were chosen as items above the 80 percentile of the total nutrient score, among the foods contributing at least 85% of any nutrient intake. On an average, the selected key foods contributed to more than 90% of key nutrient intake. CONCLUSIONS: In total, 456 foods, contributing at least 90% of the key nutrient intake, were selected as key foods. This approach to select a minimum list of key foods will be helpful for systematically updating and revising food composition databases.
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Diet , Food Analysis , Nutrition SurveysABSTRACT
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) catalyzes the conversion of inactive cortisone into active cortisol, which has pleiotropic roles in various biological conditions, such as immunological and metabolic homeostasis. Cortisol is mainly produced in the adrenal gland, but can be locally regenerated in the liver, fat, and muscle. Its diverse actions are primarily mediated by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor. SW982, a human synovial cell line, expresses 11β-HSD type 1, but not type 2, that catalyzes the conversion of cortisone to cortisol. In this study, therefore, we investigated the control of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses by prereceptor regulation-mediated maintenance of cortisol levels. Preliminarily, cell seeding density and incubation period were optimized for analyzing the catalytic activity of SW982. Additionally, cellular 11β-HSD1 still remained active irrespective of monolayer or spheroid culture conditions. Inflammatory stimulants, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, and LPS, did not affect the catalytic activity of 11β-HSD1, although a high dose of LPS significantly decreased its activity. Additionally, autocrine effects of cortisol on inflammatory responses were investigated in LPS-stimulated SW982 cells. LPS upregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and IL-1β, in SW982 cells, while cortisol production, catalyzed by cellular 11β-HSD1, downregulated LPS-stimulated cytokines. Furthermore, suppression of NFκB activation-mediated pro-inflammatory responses by cortisol was revealed. In conclusion, the activity of cellular 11β-HSD1 was closely correlated with suppression of LPS-induced inflammation. Therefore, these results partly support the notion that prereceptor regulation of locally regenerated cortisol could be taken into consideration for treatment of inflammation-associated diseases, including arthritis.
Subject(s)
Humans , Adrenal Glands , Arthritis , Cell Line , Cortisone , Cytokines , Homeostasis , Hydrocortisone , Inflammation , Interleukin-6 , Interleukins , Liver , Oxidoreductases , Receptors, Glucocorticoid , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alphaABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to investigate the association between food intakes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Korean women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: The data were collected from the 2007~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). In this study, subjects were divided into two groups, the normal fasting glucose (NFG) group (n = 7,738) and the T2DM group (n = 225). Dietary intake was derived from the nutrition survey, which was collected by trained dietitians using 24-hour dietary recall through the face-to-face interview method in the sample person's home. RESULTS: After adjustment for confounding factors, mean fruit (p = 0.0265), fruit and vegetable without kimchi (p = 0.0295), and fish (p = 0.0112) intakes were significantly lower in the T2DM group than in the NFG group. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, odds ratio (OR) for risk of high systolic blood pressure (≥ 140 mmHg) was lower in the over the median compared to under the median for fruit intakes (OR; 0.657, 95% CI; 0.523~0.824). The OR for the risk of hypertriglyceridemia was lower in the over the median compared to under the median for fruit and vegetable without kimchi (OR; 0.828, 95% CI; 0.7111~0.963) and fish (OR; 0.783, 95% CI; 0.673~0.910) intakes. CONCLUSION: These results show that intakes of fruits, fish, and fruits and vegetables without kimchi have beneficial effects on CVD in Korean women with T2DM.